AI | Muhammad Hassan Raza

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;::;;;;;;;;;;
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:;;;;;;;;;
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::c:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::c::c:::c:cc:::::c::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::c:cccccccccllodddddxdOxxxxxkxxxxkOxxdxddddoollcccccccccc:::c:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ccc:::::c:c:c:cccccccclododdk0kkxxxdxddox0kOdkokoOoxoddOdOoOdOxkkKOOxxddlccccccccccccccccccccccc::c::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::c::::c:::ccc:c:cc:ccccccccccccccccclddddxxxddoookOxxddoddolokkkOdkdkxxdxdxxkxxxxxxxdkOkOxOxxOkkkOxdlcccccccccccccccc::ccccccc::cccc:c::::c:c::cc:c:::::c:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
::::ccc::c:cccc:::cccc::ccc:ccccccc:cccccccccccccccccccccloooxlkOxddolocccxO0OOxOdkdolkOkkKO0x0kxxkxOOKO0OOKkxkOk0kOdkdxxOoO00kkxdoccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:ccccccccccccc:::::c::c:c:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccoooddooloclkOOxxxdoclcdOk00kkxxokdkOkkKx0x0kkkxxK000OKk0kOdK0XOK00KO0dxO0kkkOxOkxkxocccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::c::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccclllxkdoolc::llkk0OkxdlooolOx0O0xkxkkxkOkOKk0O0OOOxOKKOKOKOKOdOKKKKOXOXOOxKKX0OOdxkOd00OOxdlcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:c:cc::c::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccclllllcolxkdolclclloOx0Oxdodxdokx000Okk0OOOKk0000O00O000XXKX00XKOx0KNKXK0XOKxO0XKXKKXKKkx00O0kkkxdlcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:cc:ccccccc:ccccc::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccclllcccc:ccxlOOolodollckdk0OddxOOkOkkKO0kxxddkdOxxxkdxOkddkOkxxkOOkkOOKKKKXXXK0OKXKNKKKKKO0XXKOxxO0Od0Kkocccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:c:c:cc:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccl:ollc::clloxolkkoddddolxxx00OxddooxoOOOkkxxdokkOxkxxdxxkkx0KkOOOkOkxxkKkOOdkxkX0XNNXXXXKO0XXXNXXKkkOkKX0kxocccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:c:::c::::::::::::::::::
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::::dlcccllllkllcdOxxxxxxOdlOOkkddolkoOxO0OOxxdk0kkOOkxkkxOO0KOK0K0kkk00K0kOkxxx0kxxOO0XKK0XNXXXXXXXKk0O0K0kxxdlcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:ccc:cc:::c::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::::::lc:cclloxlcclk0kxdllddlOdOOOdodkdxd0O00kkxOKkOOOkxkOkkOKXKK0k0kx00K0K0K0OxK00Ok0xxdd0XKNWNXXXX00XNXKkk00kk0Oocccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccxdlcccc::::::cocclllxocldodOkoolokokokOOkdxOOxdk0O00kkKkk0OkOOOOOOOKXKKKOkOkKK0K0OK0k00X00KKK0xk00kkOKXNN0KXNNXXXKOkO00kOdcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc;;doooocccc::::codoooxclolllk0koddkxoookkOOxO0ddd0OO0OOKkOOOOOOOkxxkKKOOOKKOOKX0O000O00K0K00000OKXKOxKOkx0XNXNNXNNNX000KKxkklcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:;;;;dllcoooc::::coxkclxllkoooldk0xdkOolooOkkOOKxox00kOxKk0OOO0kxddook00kkxxxOOOKKK000OKXKXK0OKO0KXXXXKKkkkXX0KNWNNNKKXNKkOXOxOxllccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
cccccccccccccccccccccclcclc;;;;;;;:d:::clollcc::ldocxokdooolldxkxOOllodkOxk00xxxdkkkxkOkdkkxkkkxxdkK0kkOxxd0k0kKOOK00KXX0KO0OXXXXKXKKOON0OK0kOXNXXNNNNXOkXO0XKlccclclccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
cccccccclcclcclcccclclllc:oc;;:::;;:x::coolcooocclxlkddoolloooxkkO0dxxddxkxxkdoookxxxxldkOOxxdOOkxkK0OkxxdOxxxO0OkkK00O0OOOKKXNXXXKK0XNX0OkKKk0KKNWNNNNNK0KXXkkllllllllcclccllcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
llllclllllllcclllllllllc;,;cc:;::::::d::odccllcodoldOOxddkxxdlclod0kdooxokdxOdllldkxxddxxdkOOkxxxd0XOkOOkx0O000kdxkOxkkk0k00O0KXN0OKXXXKXNXX0OXK00NWNNNXKKOXXOxklllllllllllllllllllllllcllllcccccccccccclccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
llllllllllllllllllllll:,,;;:o:::;:::;ld::d:c::::clllxodooclccloloxoxxxxdodOkkOolookxddookxOxxkOkkxKXO0O0O00K00kxx000kOkxdkO0KK0OOOOXXXXKNNX0XKKKXOOXXKKKXNNO0XxkOolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllcllllllllccclllcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
llllllllllllllllllllc:,,;;;;;l:clc;:::oo:ol::c::::lo:olclllllloloodlolkkxdx0kOxoldxxllooxkkkxdoooOXNK0OOOKKOKOxx000OKOOxkOOOxkkkO0K0O0KXXXXXNXWKKX0OXNXXNNNXk0KKN0lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllclllllllcclcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
lllllllllllllllllllc:;,,;;;;;;c:;coo;::docl:::cccoc::collddclldoollxoddooxkOOk0xdkxxddddkdokddoookO0kkkkkkO0O0k00OO0KKkOOKKKOOO0OkOOkddKKKXKXNNK0OOXKOXWWNWNN0NNOkolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
lllllllllllllllllll;,;;;;;;;;;;::;;lol::dll::::ldl:::ccoccldoodolllldxxddxxO0OkxOkooddxkddxdkooloOO0xxxxOkOkOO0OOOO0000K0KXK0O00KKOOOxxkx0KKX0K00K0OKOkXWNX00XKXOxxllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllclccccccccccccccccccccc
llllllllllllllllll:,,,;:;:;;;;;;;;;:d:ll:xkc::dd::::;::clc:cxkdooooddxolokxxdooxOdooooldkxdddxdlo00OxkkkkkOkxkk0O0OkkKKKK0K0KX00XX0000kkOx0K00NXKXX00K0XNKKNXWkO0xkdllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllcccccc
lllllllllllllllllc,,,;;;l;;;:::,,;::xc:::c0dcoc::::::::::c::lokdddoooddodooxlooxdkxooollodddddxldKK0OOO0OkkkkkkkkkkOO00OOOO0KKKKNXKKOKXkkKK0O0XNXXNNK0KKXXNNWNX0KKN0llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
llllllllllllllll:;,,,;;;;lc;;:c:;;;::o:;;:lOkdddooolllolllllxdddddolooxdooddookddodkkolllloxkkkxx0KKKXKOkkkOO0OOkOOkx0Oxk000kkOO0K0OK0OkKKK0kkKKNNNX0XKKkKNNNNK0XKkxllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
llllllllllllllll:,;;;,,,;;:;;,,:;:c:c:;;;;cll::::;:::::::cccoc:cooxolldxooxdookoddxkOO0xxdddoocdxNKOOOO0K00KXK000kkkk0kxkOOOOk0O0k0000KKOkKKkxONXX0XNN00x0NX0000KOxxolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
olllllolllolooll;',;;;;;,,,;;;;;:;:lloc;;c:;ld:::::c;;;;c::ccll::lcdxllxdkxxkkOkkxxOxxdOkdloloxxOXKkkkOO000OXXXXK0k0000O00OkOkkXddkOKKXXN0O0K000XXXNKXX00NNXXKNO0kxkooooooooooollllollllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
oooooooooolloooc,,,;;;,;;;;;';;;c;;;;:dc:;;;:ol:::;:c::c::::::coc:lclOOkdxxkxkdddxxOOxxxdxkoxkxxKXKKkxk0000K0OOOO00K00XKKK0kxxXO0xdkKX00K0kOkOxd00K0NXO0XKKKNXN000XKoooooooooooooooooooooooolooooooollolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
ooooooooooollll:,',,;;;;,,:;;;:l;:;;;;:ooc:;;;:c::;;;:c:lllc::::ll:dlodxxxdokxdoddddOooclok00Oxx0XKNX0xO0OOKK0OOOkkkxkXKXXO00Kkkkk0OkKK00OkxxkkxOXKK0KKKKOONXNKOXXkdoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooolooooolllloollllllllllllllllolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
ooooooooooooooo:,,,,,,;;;;,,,:ccc:;;;c;,;;::::;lc;;;::::::::::::;cdllcxokXNO0kkxollcoklkO00OO0OkkXXWNNX0odO0xdxOO000O00OOXKOOOkk0K0OkOK0000OO0kOk0KKKNKkKkXN00OOKxxoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooloooooooolllllolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
oooooooooooooooc;,;;;,,,;;'';,,;:ol:;;,;;;;;:c::cc::;;:::::::::;:cclldokkX000KKKOOkx0KOXOkxkkkxk00KXXXXK0OKKK00KXNNWWX0xkkkNOxOOkkOOOx0K0OK0kkOkxOKXKK000KXK0000xddooloooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooloooooloolollllllllllllllllllllllll
oooooooooooooooc;,,,;;;;;;,';,,,,;:c:;cclc::c::;:cllc::::::::;:cc:::cldkkXKK0O0NNNX000xKN00OOOk0KKK0WMMWNNXNNWWWWWNNNKKkXOX00K0OkdkkOkxOOOkOkk0K0O0XXKkKKKK0XXOkOOddddooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooolllolllllllllll
ooooooooooollooc:',,,;,;;;';,;,,;;,:c',;;;;;;;;;:;;c;:llloollooc:;;::;cxKXKNWMNXXXNW0XOKK0OOO0koxOxxONNWWWXWMMMMMMMMMWKXXXK00K0kkxxOOxd0K0OK00kOOkk0OKXN0OKKKO0kxdoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooool
ooooooooooollool:;,,;;;;;;,,;;,;;,,;lc,,,,,,,,;;,;;:l;;;;;;;ccdkdolc:;;lod0NWXXXXNK00KO0KOOkOklloKoloONWWNNNNNNWWMMMMMXNXXK000O0OkkO00O0XKOOkO0kOK00K0Ox0XK0Okxddooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooc:,,,;;;;;,,;;;:;;,,,:;;;;,;;:,.',,;cx:;;;:c;;;;::;;;;;clollookKNNNN0XOkK0kc;;;;co:::;:kNNNNMMMWWNNWWWNXXXKK00KK0OxkOOxx0O0kxkxxkkOOOkdO0KK0kkddoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
oooooooooooooooolc,,;;,,,;;',,;;;;;,''c;,,,;c,;:;,,,,;x;;::,,,,;,,,:c:;clc;'..',;cldxkkdxOkkolccxOdolc:cd0XKNNNXK0OoxKXXKKOkkxO0kkxxkdxOOKK0OxxOkkxkxOOKXKK0k00doooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooocc',,;;,,;,'',;,,,:;;,:,,:o,c,,;;,,,;;cc:;;;;::ccccccccl,..'',,;;;:c:;c:;;;:cddxKxxcccc:llokdolc::,,lOKKkkddkO0OxddxkOOKKXKOxdxxkOkO00K0Oxkkxddoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ddooodoodddodddodo:;,,,,;;,,',,;,,,,,';;:ccllo;',;:::,,;c;',;:cccccccl::o,'',;;:cc:;',,;o:ldOkoldKOKXkccdc,,:oxdllc;;lkXKKO0OOO0O0dxkx0xooodkkxkk000kk0xddkxddddddddddodddoddddoddddddddodooooooododoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ddddddddddddddddddocc,;,,,,;;,,,;,,,,,';;cccol;,.',,;cc,,o:';:cccccllc::d,,;:cc:''',,;;lxOkdlc:cOWocd0XKl:;',,;okxoc:o0WNKXKlloOlxkOOxoodoodk0kO0kllkOlok0xdddddddddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddoodoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
dddddddddddddddddddocc',;;;,;;,,;,,,;;,'',c,;:::;,,,,,::;,l;,:cccclccc::o;cc::',,,,;lxOOxollccdxkW0c:xk0XKd;,.',,cxdloKWWNXKdcddl00xcloodlokkkOkdodk0okOK0xddddddddddddddxxxdddkdoolokkdddooxxxxdxkkkkkxxxxddddddddddddddddddddddddoooodoooddooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ddddddddddddddddddddocc'',,,,,;;;;;,,,,'.';c,,,,;;;:c:;;;:;:;:::cccccc:clc:ll:;,:dxOOxxOoollodxxkWXxxkkkkOXXd....,;lxd0MMMNWOlOkXKokllxxxkxkdlldkd0Od0OkdddddddddddddddlkdooclxOxdoldOkkxxxkOkkxkOOkkkdkOxdkxkxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddoddooddoooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ddddddddddddddddddddddl;;,,,,,;,,;;;,,,''.',::,,,''',,:,,;;;;;:cc:;,'..;l'',;coookdxddd0kkOOxxxkxOKOkkkkkkkOKXd;;;:clxdOXWMXX0K0okx0kkdocclocllokOXKKkdddddddddooldoccclxOxlooxkkxxoxkOOOkkO0OOKk0K0Okk0K00dkOxkxkxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddodoooooddoooooooo
dddddddddddddddddddddddocl;,,,,;;,,',,,,,,'',,',,','.',,''......... . .cOo,;lxxxxdldOkxOXkkkxxkxo;cOxxxxxxxxkd0Nk:';x0::lod0KKKkodxkclodlllxcdokxkNKxddddddollc:colxlooloxkddddxkxdldxxxdxoOxxxxkOOOkk0KKKO0KK0OxOOxxdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddoo
dddddddddddddddddddddddddllc,,,,,;;;,,,',;;;'',,,,,,,':kxl:;,,;:'......l0Kkkdc,:lodoxododXXOxodxo;;kddddddddo.;l0NKx0XdodloOkxdkdddKcclol::ddxxx0Kxdddddoc:;:cclcoccxxdoodkxdldxkOxlxkxdxxkOOOkxOOkkd0xkxx0KXK00XKOOkOxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
ddddddddddddddddddddddddddoc:;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;'''';;oo;;,;:dkxdl;.'0OkxOkxOkoxOO0ddddk0xdoOd;:Oddddooooc,:;oXXXKOdxkkkooddx0OOKoldooddolk00xddddollc:::::lclocclkdccddkkddkkkOoOxxxxkkKKOkOOkkk00O0k00xkkKXXXXK0Okkxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddl::;,,,,;''.',,,,'',,,,,,''.lo:,,;,0WNNxO',0k0OOxxOkxkO00OkodkOKKxOo,:NWNWMWWWWNNNWNWMW00lN0ooodclddOxkOdooccxdOOxddddl:;;ccccc:::dllcollxxlxooxOkkxkxx0kxxdodOxdxkOOkOKOOO0KK0k0OO0XKXXK000xdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
ddddddddddddddddddddddxddddddddollc;;,;;,,'','''',''';lc:ld::;:;xxoOkXc'ox0000kdooooooooddodokodl,;kxxkOOOOO00XK0K00Od'MXxdoloddx0dloococdxkxxdddcc;;;;;c:cclcc:loolllcddxoddddxoxdddxxdxdx0xoxxkkkOkkkO0KO0KKK0O00XXXX0Okxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxdxxxxxxxdll::,,,;,,,''',,,''lddxxxcodddllONOXx,clxOkxl,.';:cccloxxdoxkl:':xoooc:;;::cld0XWXkc,XXNXxddkK0koodkkxxkxxxxdl;,;:c;;;;l:c;::ccddllcccloddoxddcdooodddodO0xxOOxxkkddxOOkOOKKKKX00KKNNX0Kkddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdolcc;,;;,,'''','cdoooxcdddxcokK00Kk,o00kdxXkc;,,:ldXXXXXXOc:.oNNXNNXXXkokXMWX0xc,kXKXNccokK0dccoxkdxxxxxd;,,;;;:;::;:lc;;;:c:cclclclolloxkdollloddlldk0kkOkxOOkkOOkx0Oxxk0OKK0OxXXXKOkxdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdooc:c;,;,,'',,lc:cxkWWNNOdOk0KXXd,.:oodoloooc:;dK00KK0dlc.dXKKKKK0KNMWK0OdkdoKXMXXXcdxOO0o:;cxkxxxxxd;,,;;;,;;;:c::l:;lc;;;c:oollloooxoodoloxooockdkdxxxkkkkOOOKOKOkkxkOKXNXk0NNXKKkxxxxxddxxxxdxdxxdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdoolc:,,,,:::cllodoodoo0OOKXKKXc'';d0OdlllolkO0000kllc.kK0000000XOOkl::coXXXNKOXOkOKX0KXXXXkxxxxo,,,,;:;;;;;;c;;cdoc::;;,;cdoololllllodocclodokOOkdxxxdxkkkkkOOOOkk0x0XKKKOXK0Kxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddxddxddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdol::;:;;'''..;:;;::xOkO0kkdo;;,cxXXo,cokOOOOkooo:.OOOOOOOO0XOl:c;:dXWX00kKOOONkddddxxxxxxxd,,;,,,,,,,;;::,;::l:c:::ccclclcllooodddxxdlccd0OxkkO00kOkkkxdOxx000OOkKKK00XNKK0kOkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdxddddxxxdddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdoc;::cc:,,;::co:oOkkKXNWO:,,ccxKKooxxkkxdddo;'Okkkkkkk0KxdkxokWWNK0kX0OKNOxxxxxxxxxxxx;,,,,,,,,;;;,,;c:,;:;,;:l:;;;:clddooooldoccdxlxX0odxOkxddO00xxkkxO0Oxkxk0KKKXO0OkkxOOkxOOkkOkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxolllccccc:c:okdkKXOOO0ol:cccoxkdkkxkxxxxd;oOkxkkkxkkkkkxo0WNXO0KK0OKXxxxxxxxxxxxxxd',,,,,,',,;:;;:,;;;;;,c;;;;,,;cclxOkkdccdxxxkxd0K0dxkkOKKkxkOxxOkdOkkkxOKOOXXKOOOOO00OOKKOO0Ok0kxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkxxxxxkxxxxkxxxoolc:::lxxd0NO0O0xdOxxldcxkkxddoold;OOOkkkkkkkkOOxKNNKOKXXK0KNkdxxxxxxxxxxxxl',,,,,',,',,,:;::,;,:c:;:;,;;;,;lxK0O0XkxxOxddx00NX0XWWWNK0kK0xdxoOOkOOO0O0XKkk0OkOOOk0Ok0KK0K0OOOkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxkxxxxxxxkxkxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxdo:'oxxxdxddlddxodcxkkkdlldool0XKOOO0XXkOKKXXN0OXKXXKKNOkkkkkkkkkkkkkko',,,,,',,,,'':,,'',;,,;,,:ccl:;,:oOKNXKKkxkxkkcx:dNXXNNWWWKK0OkkOxk0kkkxkk000OkKOO00OK00KKOOKKXXKOOOxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkc,k0dodxkokxk0klOKKKOkONKx,kK0kxKKKK0x0XXKk0KKXNONNkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkd',,,,,''',,',';,;:,,,',c;'',',,';:c:;cxOkxxkoc:dcccO0WX0kOKkkOxdox0OkxdxOkkOkdkOdxkkOOO0XKKXKOKXXXKOkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkd;:XWOoxkxcdKK0XKKKXXXXXXKXXNNNNNXNNNNXNNXXNXNXNKNkkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkc',,,,''',''.,;:c'.',,',:,;;;;;;;c'..',;,,:;colOkl::;l:,.:OOoddcooloxkdkkkOxdxO0O0xOOxkkxO0KKXK0KNXKOkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkklx;l0WNK0kl:::c::;;;;::;:;:ldoddxxdxxxkkkkk00OX0OOkkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkx,',,,'',,,'''',;:,,,,;,'c;;;:::,c',;;,';lddlccKdkOl..;c:lXKcllklloxxdkdkxxdlkkOkkOkOO000OOx0XNX0XNK0OOOkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkdd,,oXXWXklcccc:;;;;':,':,';;,::l:cldkdddxkXKXNOOOOkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkkx:,,,,'',,,'.'',,'',,;;,,;;::;;;c;ll:oxkdxddddO0ddkkc';cdXNOkkdkxoooxkkdloookOkxkxxkkxkOOOOO0XXKXXKKK0KOO0kkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxllOOkoccccccc::::;:,,:,,:;;:ccclxddxdkK0XK0KN0OOOkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkl'',,'',''''''''.''';;'..''..,x;coddodkxOddoooooocoOolx;dkxdodcoxdddxxddld0Okk0OOO0Oxxk00OOXKKXXKOO00KXKKOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxkkkkkkxxxkxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxlllccccccccc::::::;;:;,:;;:ccclloodddxkkX000WKO0OkkkOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkxl;,,,'''''''','...'dol',ooc,kkkxxokO0ddOdxo,xxdccdX0xxoolokOodxkxdlddxkd00xOO00kOOkkk0OkkK0KNKO0K0K00KXX0Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxxk
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkoccccccc:;;;;;;;,,,,;;;;;;,;;ccllloxxxxxkKKO0NX0OOkkxkOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxo:,','''...'''''';cl,:k0O;ckkdlodddoldkxo,kO00K0X0;XkodokdockK0XKkOkxdOKNKWWWX0KOxkO0OK0OKKOkOOOKKX0KNX0O0Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxk
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOkkkkOOkkOOOOOOOkOOOkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxo;,;::::cccoooodoooollcoxxxxkk00Ok0KOkKX0OOOOOOOOkOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkxo::,''''.'...;oOOxkl0Ok:dxoo;;;::xkOd:,odddxKKo,KXkloKoclcdkOK0kkdcl;xKNNXXK0OkkOOkkOO0O000KOO0XXKNXKXXK0Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkOkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOd::ccclldox0X0kWXOxOxkxxkOOOOOO00OkOX0OKW00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkxd::,,,'''ccloxK0k0KOl:oo::;,:000dc:K0000dlcKX0kokKOkx:,.',;::olxxc:ll'c0dodkodOkKKOOOkkk000KXXNXK0KNX00Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
OkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOc:colokxOxkKWOkWMMXXKMWX0OOOOOOOOO0OkKKO0WXOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkdol:;:::,,',;:dOOOo:lkolcdOOxl:lOOOOkcoXKOkxOO:cc:c;:;:lodllOxko'':dNkdkkkx0OOO000OkOOOO0KXX00KXKNXKX0Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOx;:OOxxOkOkkKNOONWMNNMMMWNOOOOOOOOOOO0k0KO0XN0000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkxdddllclcodO00ododdoxxddo:xxxxxodXK0OkkO,,'.'l:ooddxxkoddolddlddOOdkOxk0XNWWK0kOO0000K0000XXNXKXNKOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkx
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOxoONKkxoco:loooOKOO0kcxXNNNXOOOOOOOO0O0OOXKOKN00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkxkxkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOkxxo:kdxkxkxoddkkdcl0kk0kOX000Ox0o;;dk;xkkdkO0xxkx:kkx0Kkkookxxcocd0Ox00kxOOkO00O00OKXNKXKNKXKOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxl:
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0NNkdoONxkkollxONOOO0kXNXO0XNKkkxkxOkOOO0OKKO0NK00OOOOOOOOOkdooookdkxkkOOOOO0000OOOOOOOOOc;0kxoxolddO0KkoX00KKX000XdOodclo0xckdlccccxkc:kOxKO:Xd:koookxl';:0kxkxkKXKOOO00KKK0XXNK0X0OkkOkkkkkkkkkkko:;:
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkOkOkO0O0000000XWKo,. :OW00,.,okW'lkK0WNx0odOXNKdkxkkOO0OOO0KO0NX0O0OOOOOxclcloldxxxkkxkkOO0000KXK0OOOOOOx,cKN0l;;c::cccccoddxkxkKOdccocodO00old::;c0kcl000oc0KOo0kOddxooood0kOxOOOKOkOOk0000KX0KKX0OOOOOOOOOOOOOkl;;;;
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkOkOOO000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkdddxxkkOOO00K0KKOWXoc;....,kNXO:'lxWoON0NMkkXllddkKNKOkdkkOOO000OOOKKO00OOx:;:clclllddxoddkkkOOOOOKKXX0OOOOOOl;oxc:::;;,;,,;,::llokOKk0kddlolcoOOdldolddocoxxdlK00O00kdxdoOx0OOxd0x:cxKOOk00O00O00O0K0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOx;;;;;
OkkkOOOOOOOOOOOxdddxkkOOO000KKKKKK00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOxolooxdkkOkOOOO0KXWWXcccc.'',,;xNKdOK0WWOoKMKdkXdc:cldx0NXkOkkOOOkOk00O0XK0Ok;;;;:cc::looddooOxkkkkO0OKKK0OOOOOOx:::;:;;;;;;;;;,,:ldxOkO0OK000OxxckOxxdodkxocOxkkK00O0x;;dkllxx0l00oOoxkkkOOdOOOkOOOOkO0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOd;;,;;
OOkkkOOkkOOOOdlllddxkOkkkOO00KKKXXXK0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOo:cldollxxkkxxOOKWWX0dclo;;.cc';ldNNNMXNNoOWM0kOXdc:ccodxxONNKOOOkOOO00XO0NK0ll:;::;::::cOOxkkKKXXOkkOOOK0OOOOOOOx;;;;;;:c:coxO0OxkxxXXK0O0OK0K0OOd,OKkdlok0Oo0OKK00XOkdllkkcdkOo00OOdkONxKokdxOOkOxkxOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl;,,,
doollllllllol;clollddxkxxOO000000XXXK0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOk:;:clllllxOOOkKXWWKOxcc,';:';ccllddXMMKNNOWWXX0O0kldodd0000OOXNX0OkOOkO0X0OXKkldc:o:,;;::clddlddkdOxoxkkOOOOOOOOOOl;;;;;ddodxkk0NKWNkl:xKkk00K00OOO::Od::;'',',;lox000xdoddolkxOK000Ol00o0KOKOOkxxkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOxl;,
llllllllllll:;::::cco0OOkXKXXKOO0OKK0doddxxxxddollcclclccc:;;::cccllkKKNWXXKXkcc;.,lc:c:lll;ddKWKXNXMWNNk000locdcd:lkOkxkKX00kkO0k0K0OKXkxcco;,;;;,ccoxlxdcoOkxxkOOOOOOOOOOOOxc:;xKkOxkcoK0OOX000kkkkkOk0Okddocll:;;,,;;;:odxxO00xoldkokO00000ddxkK00KOdKKOdKxkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkx
ooooollllllll;;;::cccoxxxO000XOkkkOOdollllllllcccccllllllllc:;;:::;:oKNW0xdoKl:;':xllcclcccco0kKXKNNKNXW0O0NxodkdOxkOkkkOkk0KNK000OOKKO0XKkod,,;loxxdodkokOOOkkkkkxxxxddddolllooKO:;lKNxXXXKNKxOO00kxcokdkko:::::;:cldOOKK0kkOdOOklc,;,;cox0kOkOOK0K0O0K00kOO000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ooooooooooooolc:;;::cdxOkOkxOOOxdxxooololllcccllllooollllllllc:;:loxNNKOOOk0kll:okkooooolloox00kO0XNKNXNXXXKkkO000Od0OOO000OOK0OXXXlolloxk0K0dlclokkolxddOk00ko::::cccclllccccxXd::cclkKWXN0W0Ok0KO0kdclkxxOocc::cOxkxdOKKK0kdooOkxocdxxxollxxoccox0OkO0K00000OOOOOOOkkxxxxxxddddddddddo
ooooooooolllllloollxOxxdxO0O0KkddllclclclllllloooooolllllllllllcclON0NXKk0XNXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXNXXXKO0KNX0kkOXNXXKKNNNXkxddxxxdolddOOdd::cclloxdxxolllcxkdkxkO00kc:::ccccllllcc:lK0c;:ccccdxNXXXX0k000dokO0OxOOdkdllo0c:dKOXNXOcoxxclxO0xd00XklodO0KKcldkOdcxkdxkxooolc:::;:;::::::::::::ccc
oooooollcllllloodooodOxkdkO0Xxlcc:cccccclcccllclcccclllllcccccccllxdOkkxxkO0l';ccccccc'lokxddoxKNNOocc:::;':cccccldc:cldk0oc:;,ckkc:cc:cccoldl::c:::l;;,;coOxl::::::c:::::cdXk:,;cccccckOKXNNK0OkOOddlok0OOodOxOk:ccco0NKNkllcoOxOkxKKXXX:x000kKX0OO0KO00Okoxxlc:cccclclcllc::::::;:::;;
llllcc:ccccccclllcllloolcldO0dollcccllllooollllllllollclllccclcllolllxxdoooOOdlcc:cc;cc:o000OXNNkcclcc:::c:cc::::c:odxkxcoOl,,cccoxdc:::::llo:;;:::::dxOKOlcxkc;;;;::;:;;;oK0xkOOOOOOk00000X0kXX000Okdddddkd::Od:lccclOOKXOxxllkOk0OxKXXKxkcdOKKKkOKXK00KOOkldx:;;,,;,,,;,,,;,,,,,,,,,,'
cccllccclllccclllllllldk0XKxdOkolllcllccccclccclccccclcccccllc:col::lxOOXKdddOd:::;:l:::c0XNN0dclc:::ccccccc:::::lxokKNklccllcccclxx::;;;:lco::::;clxld0XOclldklc::::::;:lxddc;:;;c;coxOkK0ddkNxlddkkd;;,:oo:dOdddddxkOO0xoxkxkkdkdxkkOKO00kkxkkO000OO00KkOkkxdxlc:::cc:cc:cc:c::;;;;;;,
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;cdkdoKWKxxdxkd;;:;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;c::ld:llldokK0kxkxxxc;cc'::d0XXkc',;:::::::::ccllcclk0ddxkklclooolllooxOllllccooolllloxKdxxoxololdxxollllcc::clcoo,...;odxO0Oxoxddxdxxxoddllcccll:oc..coxk0OolcllokklcccoO0l:;'lod0O0kxOOklldoclocxdooolollllloolooooloooooo
clolllllllllololloooKxoodddxxxkoxoooooooooooddoooddddddddddolo' ..   ';;ldxxllxxxkoo:cXNKl;xo..:xxxxxxdoxxxxxxxddKcckoxxxxl''''''',,:cddddxxkdddxdlK:odlddddo;xodddooooc;...;l,   ;k00o;,:.clclllll,cllc...':;c:  cOOdcccc:cclkOc,'';cc;;;.cod:llodool;';cc:l,cllc:cclclllc,,;;;'.d:;;;;
dkkodooodddddddddddokdoldoddookoooooolooollooodoooddloolodxooc,''',,:dkOdlll:clc:doOXWO:..':;;':::c:::;;ccclcllcc:::;;,;;;,......'oxdlx,,;:;:,,,;;,,,,,,,,''''','.......;l::lol''':dd;,,,',,,,''';,,,'..::::c:::;,;ccccc::;,:lllloc::::::loooooloooooooc::coxdoooddddolllllccollllodddod
dOkddxxddxdxddddxdoodollcccc:::;::;;:;;,,;,;;cccc;;::ll:;;x:,'ccc:llldOOo:cccloook0WNc   .;ll;coooollllclollllcc:cccccccccccllcllcdkxcxllllccc::c::cc:ccllc:ccccc:,''';:::,,dkk:lcololllclololllllllolllccccccllllcclloolooxolldldkkxxxdoooddodxxxxkxooolllooddooddoddxdloddxxxxxxxxkxdd

LangChain in Production: What the Tutorials Don't Tell You

Every LangChain tutorial ends right where the real work begins. You see a neat 50-line script that queries a PDF, and you think, “Cool, I’ll ship this by Friday.” Three weeks later, you’re debugging memory leaks, wondering why your chain silently returns empty strings, and questioning every decision that led you here. I’ve shipped LangChain-based features to production at multiple companies. Here’s what I wish someone had told me before I started. ...

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;::;;;;;;;;;;
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:;;;;;;;;;
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::c:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::c::c:::c:cc:::::c::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::c:cccccccccllodddddxdOxxxxxkxxxxkOxxdxddddoollcccccccccc:::c:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ccc:::::c:c:c:cccccccclododdk0kkxxxdxddox0kOdkokoOoxoddOdOoOdOxkkKOOxxddlccccccccccccccccccccccc::c::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::c::::c:::ccc:c:cc:ccccccccccccccccclddddxxxddoookOxxddoddolokkkOdkdkxxdxdxxkxxxxxxxdkOkOxOxxOkkkOxdlcccccccccccccccc::ccccccc::cccc:c::::c:c::cc:c:::::c:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
::::ccc::c:cccc:::cccc::ccc:ccccccc:cccccccccccccccccccccloooxlkOxddolocccxO0OOxOdkdolkOkkKO0x0kxxkxOOKO0OOKkxkOk0kOdkdxxOoO00kkxdoccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:ccccccccccccc:::::c::c:c:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccoooddooloclkOOxxxdoclcdOk00kkxxokdkOkkKx0x0kkkxxK000OKk0kOdK0XOK00KO0dxO0kkkOxOkxkxocccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::c::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccclllxkdoolc::llkk0OkxdlooolOx0O0xkxkkxkOkOKk0O0OOOxOKKOKOKOKOdOKKKKOXOXOOxKKX0OOdxkOd00OOxdlcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:c:cc::c::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccclllllcolxkdolclclloOx0Oxdodxdokx000Okk0OOOKk0000O00O000XXKX00XKOx0KNKXK0XOKxO0XKXKKXKKkx00O0kkkxdlcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:cc:ccccccc:ccccc::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccclllcccc:ccxlOOolodollckdk0OddxOOkOkkKO0kxxddkdOxxxkdxOkddkOkxxkOOkkOOKKKKXXXK0OKXKNKKKKKO0XXKOxxO0Od0Kkocccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:c:c:cc:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccl:ollc::clloxolkkoddddolxxx00OxddooxoOOOkkxxdokkOxkxxdxxkkx0KkOOOkOkxxkKkOOdkxkX0XNNXXXXKO0XXXNXXKkkOkKX0kxocccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:c:::c::::::::::::::::::
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::::dlcccllllkllcdOxxxxxxOdlOOkkddolkoOxO0OOxxdk0kkOOkxkkxOO0KOK0K0kkk00K0kOkxxx0kxxOO0XKK0XNXXXXXXXKk0O0K0kxxdlcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:ccc:cc:::c::::::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::::::lc:cclloxlcclk0kxdllddlOdOOOdodkdxd0O00kkxOKkOOOkxkOkkOKXKK0k0kx00K0K0K0OxK00Ok0xxdd0XKNWNXXXX00XNXKkk00kk0Oocccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccxdlcccc::::::cocclllxocldodOkoolokokokOOkdxOOxdk0O00kkKkk0OkOOOOOOOKXKKKOkOkKK0K0OK0k00X00KKK0xk00kkOKXNN0KXNNXXXKOkO00kOdcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc;;doooocccc::::codoooxclolllk0koddkxoookkOOxO0ddd0OO0OOKkOOOOOOOkxxkKKOOOKKOOKX0O000O00K0K00000OKXKOxKOkx0XNXNNXNNNX000KKxkklcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:;;;;dllcoooc::::coxkclxllkoooldk0xdkOolooOkkOOKxox00kOxKk0OOO0kxddook00kkxxxOOOKKK000OKXKXK0OKO0KXXXXKKkkkXX0KNWNNNKKXNKkOXOxOxllccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
cccccccccccccccccccccclcclc;;;;;;;:d:::clollcc::ldocxokdooolldxkxOOllodkOxk00xxxdkkkxkOkdkkxkkkxxdkK0kkOxxd0k0kKOOK00KXX0KO0OXXXXKXKKOON0OK0kOXNXXNNNNXOkXO0XKlccclclccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
cccccccclcclcclcccclclllc:oc;;:::;;:x::coolcooocclxlkddoolloooxkkO0dxxddxkxxkdoookxxxxldkOOxxdOOkxkK0OkxxdOxxxO0OkkK00O0OOOKKXNXXXKK0XNX0OkKKk0KKNWNNNNNK0KXXkkllllllllcclccllcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
llllclllllllcclllllllllc;,;cc:;::::::d::odccllcodoldOOxddkxxdlclod0kdooxokdxOdllldkxxddxxdkOOkxxxd0XOkOOkx0O000kdxkOxkkk0k00O0KXN0OKXXXKXNXX0OXK00NWNNNXKKOXXOxklllllllllllllllllllllllcllllcccccccccccclccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
llllllllllllllllllllll:,,;;:o:::;:::;ld::d:c::::clllxodooclccloloxoxxxxdodOkkOolookxddookxOxxkOkkxKXO0O0O00K00kxx000kOkxdkO0KK0OOOOXXXXKNNX0XKKKXOOXXKKKXNNO0XxkOolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllcllllllllccclllcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
llllllllllllllllllllc:,,;;;;;l:clc;:::oo:ol::c::::lo:olclllllloloodlolkkxdx0kOxoldxxllooxkkkxdoooOXNK0OOOKKOKOxx000OKOOxkOOOxkkkO0K0O0KXXXXXNXWKKX0OXNXXNNNXk0KKN0lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllclllllllcclcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
lllllllllllllllllllc:;,,;;;;;;c:;coo;::docl:::cccoc::collddclldoollxoddooxkOOk0xdkxxddddkdokddoookO0kkkkkkO0O0k00OO0KKkOOKKKOOO0OkOOkddKKKXKXNNK0OOXKOXWWNWNN0NNOkolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
lllllllllllllllllll;,;;;;;;;;;;::;;lol::dll::::ldl:::ccoccldoodolllldxxddxxO0OkxOkooddxkddxdkooloOO0xxxxOkOkOO0OOOO0000K0KXK0O00KKOOOxxkx0KKX0K00K0OKOkXWNX00XKXOxxllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllclccccccccccccccccccccc
llllllllllllllllll:,,,;:;:;;;;;;;;;:d:ll:xkc::dd::::;::clc:cxkdooooddxolokxxdooxOdooooldkxdddxdlo00OxkkkkkOkxkk0O0OkkKKKK0K0KX00XX0000kkOx0K00NXKXX00K0XNKKNXWkO0xkdllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllcccccc
lllllllllllllllllc,,,;;;l;;;:::,,;::xc:::c0dcoc::::::::::c::lokdddoooddodooxlooxdkxooollodddddxldKK0OOO0OkkkkkkkkkkOO00OOOO0KKKKNXKKOKXkkKK0O0XNXXNNK0KKXXNNWNX0KKN0llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
llllllllllllllll:;,,,;;;;lc;;:c:;;;::o:;;:lOkdddooolllolllllxdddddolooxdooddookddodkkolllloxkkkxx0KKKXKOkkkOO0OOkOOkx0Oxk000kkOO0K0OK0OkKKK0kkKKNNNX0XKKkKNNNNK0XKkxllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
llllllllllllllll:,;;;,,,;;:;;,,:;:c:c:;;;;cll::::;:::::::cccoc:cooxolldxooxdookoddxkOO0xxdddoocdxNKOOOO0K00KXK000kkkk0kxkOOOOk0O0k0000KKOkKKkxONXX0XNN00x0NX0000KOxxolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
olllllolllolooll;',;;;;;,,,;;;;;:;:lloc;;c:;ld:::::c;;;;c::ccll::lcdxllxdkxxkkOkkxxOxxdOkdloloxxOXKkkkOO000OXXXXK0k0000O00OkOkkXddkOKKXXN0O0K000XXXNKXX00NNXXKNO0kxkooooooooooollllollllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
oooooooooolloooc,,,;;;,;;;;;';;;c;;;;:dc:;;;:ol:::;:c::c::::::coc:lclOOkdxxkxkdddxxOOxxxdxkoxkxxKXKKkxk0000K0OOOO00K00XKKK0kxxXO0xdkKX00K0kOkOxd00K0NXO0XKKKNXN000XKoooooooooooooooooooooooolooooooollolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
ooooooooooollll:,',,;;;;,,:;;;:l;:;;;;:ooc:;;;:c::;;;:c:lllc::::ll:dlodxxxdokxdoddddOooclok00Oxx0XKNX0xO0OOKK0OOOkkkxkXKXXO00Kkkkk0OkKK00OkxxkkxOXKK0KKKKOONXNKOXXkdoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooolooooolllloollllllllllllllllolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
ooooooooooooooo:,,,,,,;;;;,,,:ccc:;;;c;,;;::::;lc;;;::::::::::::;cdllcxokXNO0kkxollcoklkO00OO0OkkXXWNNX0odO0xdxOO000O00OOXKOOOkk0K0OkOK0000OO0kOk0KKKNKkKkXN00OOKxxoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooloooooooolllllolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
oooooooooooooooc;,;;;,,,;;'';,,;:ol:;;,;;;;;:c::cc::;;:::::::::;:cclldokkX000KKKOOkx0KOXOkxkkkxk00KXXXXK0OKKK00KXNNWWX0xkkkNOxOOkkOOOx0K0OK0kkOkxOKXKK000KXK0000xddooloooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooloooooloolollllllllllllllllllllllll
oooooooooooooooc;,,,;;;;;;,';,,,,;:c:;cclc::c::;:cllc::::::::;:cc:::cldkkXKK0O0NNNX000xKN00OOOk0KKK0WMMWNNXNNWWWWWNNNKKkXOX00K0OkdkkOkxOOOkOkk0K0O0XXKkKKKK0XXOkOOddddooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooolllolllllllllll
ooooooooooollooc:',,,;,;;;';,;,,;;,:c',;;;;;;;;;:;;c;:llloollooc:;;::;cxKXKNWMNXXXNW0XOKK0OOO0koxOxxONNWWWXWMMMMMMMMMWKXXXK00K0kkxxOOxd0K0OK00kOOkk0OKXN0OKKKO0kxdoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooool
ooooooooooollool:;,,;;;;;;,,;;,;;,,;lc,,,,,,,,;;,;;:l;;;;;;;ccdkdolc:;;lod0NWXXXXNK00KO0KOOkOklloKoloONWWNNNNNNWWMMMMMXNXXK000O0OkkO00O0XKOOkO0kOK00K0Ox0XK0Okxddooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooc:,,,;;;;;,,;;;:;;,,,:;;;;,;;:,.',,;cx:;;;:c;;;;::;;;;;clollookKNNNN0XOkK0kc;;;;co:::;:kNNNNMMMWWNNWWWNXXXKK00KK0OxkOOxx0O0kxkxxkkOOOkdO0KK0kkddoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
oooooooooooooooolc,,;;,,,;;',,;;;;;,''c;,,,;c,;:;,,,,;x;;::,,,,;,,,:c:;clc;'..',;cldxkkdxOkkolccxOdolc:cd0XKNNNXK0OoxKXXKKOkkxO0kkxxkdxOOKK0OxxOkkxkxOOKXKK0k00doooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooocc',,;;,,;,'',;,,,:;;,:,,:o,c,,;;,,,;;cc:;;;;::ccccccccl,..'',,;;;:c:;c:;;;:cddxKxxcccc:llokdolc::,,lOKKkkddkO0OxddxkOOKKXKOxdxxkOkO00K0Oxkkxddoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ddooodoodddodddodo:;,,,,;;,,',,;,,,,,';;:ccllo;',;:::,,;c;',;:cccccccl::o,'',;;:cc:;',,;o:ldOkoldKOKXkccdc,,:oxdllc;;lkXKKO0OOO0O0dxkx0xooodkkxkk000kk0xddkxddddddddddodddoddddoddddddddodooooooododoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ddddddddddddddddddocc,;,,,,;;,,,;,,,,,';;cccol;,.',,;cc,,o:';:cccccllc::d,,;:cc:''',,;;lxOkdlc:cOWocd0XKl:;',,;okxoc:o0WNKXKlloOlxkOOxoodoodk0kO0kllkOlok0xdddddddddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddoodoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
dddddddddddddddddddocc',;;;,;;,,;,,,;;,'',c,;:::;,,,,,::;,l;,:cccclccc::o;cc::',,,,;lxOOxollccdxkW0c:xk0XKd;,.',,cxdloKWWNXKdcddl00xcloodlokkkOkdodk0okOK0xddddddddddddddxxxdddkdoolokkdddooxxxxdxkkkkkxxxxddddddddddddddddddddddddoooodoooddooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ddddddddddddddddddddocc'',,,,,;;;;;,,,,'.';c,,,,;;;:c:;;;:;:;:::cccccc:clc:ll:;,:dxOOxxOoollodxxkWXxxkkkkOXXd....,;lxd0MMMNWOlOkXKokllxxxkxkdlldkd0Od0OkdddddddddddddddlkdooclxOxdoldOkkxxxkOkkxkOOkkkdkOxdkxkxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddoddooddoooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ddddddddddddddddddddddl;;,,,,,;,,;;;,,,''.',::,,,''',,:,,;;;;;:cc:;,'..;l'',;coookdxddd0kkOOxxxkxOKOkkkkkkkOKXd;;;:clxdOXWMXX0K0okx0kkdocclocllokOXKKkdddddddddooldoccclxOxlooxkkxxoxkOOOkkO0OOKk0K0Okk0K00dkOxkxkxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddodoooooddoooooooo
dddddddddddddddddddddddocl;,,,,;;,,',,,,,,'',,',,','.',,''......... . .cOo,;lxxxxdldOkxOXkkkxxkxo;cOxxxxxxxxkd0Nk:';x0::lod0KKKkodxkclodlllxcdokxkNKxddddddollc:colxlooloxkddddxkxdldxxxdxoOxxxxkOOOkk0KKKO0KK0OxOOxxdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddoo
dddddddddddddddddddddddddllc,,,,,;;;,,,',;;;'',,,,,,,':kxl:;,,;:'......l0Kkkdc,:lodoxododXXOxodxo;;kddddddddo.;l0NKx0XdodloOkxdkdddKcclol::ddxxx0Kxdddddoc:;:cclcoccxxdoodkxdldxkOxlxkxdxxkOOOkxOOkkd0xkxx0KXK00XKOOkOxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
ddddddddddddddddddddddddddoc:;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;'''';;oo;;,;:dkxdl;.'0OkxOkxOkoxOO0ddddk0xdoOd;:Oddddooooc,:;oXXXKOdxkkkooddx0OOKoldooddolk00xddddollc:::::lclocclkdccddkkddkkkOoOxxxxkkKKOkOOkkk00O0k00xkkKXXXXK0Okkxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddl::;,,,,;''.',,,,'',,,,,,''.lo:,,;,0WNNxO',0k0OOxxOkxkO00OkodkOKKxOo,:NWNWMWWWWNNNWNWMW00lN0ooodclddOxkOdooccxdOOxddddl:;;ccccc:::dllcollxxlxooxOkkxkxx0kxxdodOxdxkOOkOKOOO0KK0k0OO0XKXXK000xdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
ddddddddddddddddddddddxddddddddollc;;,;;,,'','''',''';lc:ld::;:;xxoOkXc'ox0000kdooooooooddodokodl,;kxxkOOOOO00XK0K00Od'MXxdoloddx0dloococdxkxxdddcc;;;;;c:cclcc:loolllcddxoddddxoxdddxxdxdx0xoxxkkkOkkkO0KO0KKK0O00XXXX0Okxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxdxxxxxxxdll::,,,;,,,''',,,''lddxxxcodddllONOXx,clxOkxl,.';:cccloxxdoxkl:':xoooc:;;::cld0XWXkc,XXNXxddkK0koodkkxxkxxxxdl;,;:c;;;;l:c;::ccddllcccloddoxddcdooodddodO0xxOOxxkkddxOOkOOKKKKX00KKNNX0Kkddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdolcc;,;;,,'''','cdoooxcdddxcokK00Kk,o00kdxXkc;,,:ldXXXXXXOc:.oNNXNNXXXkokXMWX0xc,kXKXNccokK0dccoxkdxxxxxd;,,;;;:;::;:lc;;;:c:cclclclolloxkdollloddlldk0kkOkxOOkkOOkx0Oxxk0OKK0OxXXXKOkxdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdooc:c;,;,,'',,lc:cxkWWNNOdOk0KXXd,.:oodoloooc:;dK00KK0dlc.dXKKKKK0KNMWK0OdkdoKXMXXXcdxOO0o:;cxkxxxxxd;,,;;;,;;;:c::l:;lc;;;c:oollloooxoodoloxooockdkdxxxkkkkOOOKOKOkkxkOKXNXk0NNXKKkxxxxxddxxxxdxdxxdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdoolc:,,,,:::cllodoodoo0OOKXKKXc'';d0OdlllolkO0000kllc.kK0000000XOOkl::coXXXNKOXOkOKX0KXXXXkxxxxo,,,,;:;;;;;;c;;cdoc::;;,;cdoololllllodocclodokOOkdxxxdxkkkkkOOOOkk0x0XKKKOXK0Kxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddxddxddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdol::;:;;'''..;:;;::xOkO0kkdo;;,cxXXo,cokOOOOkooo:.OOOOOOOO0XOl:c;:dXWX00kKOOONkddddxxxxxxxd,,;,,,,,,,;;::,;::l:c:::ccclclcllooodddxxdlccd0OxkkO00kOkkkxdOxx000OOkKKK00XNKK0kOkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdxddddxxxdddddddddddddddd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdoc;::cc:,,;::co:oOkkKXNWO:,,ccxKKooxxkkxdddo;'Okkkkkkk0KxdkxokWWNK0kX0OKNOxxxxxxxxxxxx;,,,,,,,,;;;,,;c:,;:;,;:l:;;;:clddooooldoccdxlxX0odxOkxddO00xxkkxO0Oxkxk0KKKXO0OkkxOOkxOOkkOkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdd
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxolllccccc:c:okdkKXOOO0ol:cccoxkdkkxkxxxxd;oOkxkkkxkkkkkxo0WNXO0KK0OKXxxxxxxxxxxxxxd',,,,,,',,;:;;:,;;;;;,c;;;;,,;cclxOkkdccdxxxkxd0K0dxkkOKKkxkOxxOkdOkkkxOKOOXXKOOOOO00OOKKOO0Ok0kxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkxxxxxkxxxxkxxxoolc:::lxxd0NO0O0xdOxxldcxkkxddoold;OOOkkkkkkkkOOxKNNKOKXXK0KNkdxxxxxxxxxxxxl',,,,,',,',,,:;::,;,:c:;:;,;;;,;lxK0O0XkxxOxddx00NX0XWWWNK0kK0xdxoOOkOOO0O0XKkk0OkOOOk0Ok0KK0K0OOOkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxkxxxxxxxkxkxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxdo:'oxxxdxddlddxodcxkkkdlldool0XKOOO0XXkOKKXXN0OXKXXKKNOkkkkkkkkkkkkkko',,,,,',,,,'':,,'',;,,;,,:ccl:;,:oOKNXKKkxkxkkcx:dNXXNNWWWKK0OkkOxk0kkkxkk000OkKOO00OK00KKOOKKXXKOOOxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkc,k0dodxkokxk0klOKKKOkONKx,kK0kxKKKK0x0XXKk0KKXNONNkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkd',,,,,''',,',';,;:,,,',c;'',',,';:c:;cxOkxxkoc:dcccO0WX0kOKkkOxdox0OkxdxOkkOkdkOdxkkOOO0XKKXKOKXXXKOkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkd;:XWOoxkxcdKK0XKKKXXXXXXKXXNNNNNXNNNNXNNXXNXNXNKNkkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkc',,,,''',''.,;:c'.',,',:,;;;;;;;c'..',;,,:;colOkl::;l:,.:OOoddcooloxkdkkkOxdxO0O0xOOxkkxO0KKXK0KNXKOkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkklx;l0WNK0kl:::c::;;;;::;:;:ldoddxxdxxxkkkkk00OX0OOkkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkx,',,,'',,,'''',;:,,,,;,'c;;;:::,c',;;,';lddlccKdkOl..;c:lXKcllklloxxdkdkxxdlkkOkkOkOO000OOx0XNX0XNK0OOOkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkdd,,oXXWXklcccc:;;;;':,':,';;,::l:cldkdddxkXKXNOOOOkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkkx:,,,,'',,,'.'',,'',,;;,,;;::;;;c;ll:oxkdxddddO0ddkkc';cdXNOkkdkxoooxkkdloookOkxkxxkkxkOOOOO0XXKXXKKK0KOO0kkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxllOOkoccccccc::::;:,,:,,:;;:ccclxddxdkK0XK0KN0OOOkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkl'',,'',''''''''.''';;'..''..,x;coddodkxOddoooooocoOolx;dkxdodcoxdddxxddld0Okk0OOO0Oxxk00OOXKKXXKOO00KXKKOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxkkkkkkxxxkxx
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxlllccccccccc::::::;;:;,:;;:ccclloodddxkkX000WKO0OkkkOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkxl;,,,'''''''','...'dol',ooc,kkkxxokO0ddOdxo,xxdccdX0xxoolokOodxkxdlddxkd00xOO00kOOkkk0OkkK0KNKO0K0K00KXX0Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxxk
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkoccccccc:;;;;;;;,,,,;;;;;;,;;ccllloxxxxxkKKO0NX0OOkkxkOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxo:,','''...'''''';cl,:k0O;ckkdlodddoldkxo,kO00K0X0;XkodokdockK0XKkOkxdOKNKWWWX0KOxkO0OK0OKKOkOOOKKX0KNX0O0Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxk
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOkkkkOOkkOOOOOOOkOOOkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxo;,;::::cccoooodoooollcoxxxxkk00Ok0KOkKX0OOOOOOOOkOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkxo::,''''.'...;oOOxkl0Ok:dxoo;;;::xkOd:,odddxKKo,KXkloKoclcdkOK0kkdcl;xKNNXXK0OkkOOkkOO0O000KOO0XXKNXKXXK0Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkOkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOd::ccclldox0X0kWXOxOxkxxkOOOOOO00OkOX0OKW00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkxd::,,,'''ccloxK0k0KOl:oo::;,:000dc:K0000dlcKX0kokKOkx:,.',;::olxxc:ll'c0dodkodOkKKOOOkkk000KXXNXK0KNX00Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
OkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOc:colokxOxkKWOkWMMXXKMWX0OOOOOOOOO0OkKKO0WXOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkdol:;:::,,',;:dOOOo:lkolcdOOxl:lOOOOkcoXKOkxOO:cc:c;:;:lodllOxko'':dNkdkkkx0OOO000OkOOOO0KXX00KXKNXKX0Okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOx;:OOxxOkOkkKNOONWMNNMMMWNOOOOOOOOOOO0k0KO0XN0000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkxdddllclcodO00ododdoxxddo:xxxxxodXK0OkkO,,'.'l:ooddxxkoddolddlddOOdkOxk0XNWWK0kOO0000K0000XXNXKXNKOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkx
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOxoONKkxoco:loooOKOO0kcxXNNNXOOOOOOOO0O0OOXKOKN00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkxkxkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOkxxo:kdxkxkxoddkkdcl0kk0kOX000Ox0o;;dk;xkkdkO0xxkx:kkx0Kkkookxxcocd0Ox00kxOOkO00O00OKXNKXKNKXKOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxl:
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0NNkdoONxkkollxONOOO0kXNXO0XNKkkxkxOkOOO0OKKO0NK00OOOOOOOOOkdooookdkxkkOOOOO0000OOOOOOOOOc;0kxoxolddO0KkoX00KKX000XdOodclo0xckdlccccxkc:kOxKO:Xd:koookxl';:0kxkxkKXKOOO00KKK0XXNK0X0OkkOkkkkkkkkkkko:;:
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkOkOkO0O0000000XWKo,. :OW00,.,okW'lkK0WNx0odOXNKdkxkkOO0OOO0KO0NX0O0OOOOOxclcloldxxxkkxkkOO0000KXK0OOOOOOx,cKN0l;;c::cccccoddxkxkKOdccocodO00old::;c0kcl000oc0KOo0kOddxooood0kOxOOOKOkOOk0000KX0KKX0OOOOOOOOOOOOOkl;;;;
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkOkOOO000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkdddxxkkOOO00K0KKOWXoc;....,kNXO:'lxWoON0NMkkXllddkKNKOkdkkOOO000OOOKKO00OOx:;:clclllddxoddkkkOOOOOKKXX0OOOOOOl;oxc:::;;,;,,;,::llokOKk0kddlolcoOOdldolddocoxxdlK00O00kdxdoOx0OOxd0x:cxKOOk00O00O00O0K0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOx;;;;;
OkkkOOOOOOOOOOOxdddxkkOOO000KKKKKK00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOxolooxdkkOkOOOO0KXWWXcccc.'',,;xNKdOK0WWOoKMKdkXdc:cldx0NXkOkkOOOkOk00O0XK0Ok;;;;:cc::looddooOxkkkkO0OKKK0OOOOOOx:::;:;;;;;;;;;,,:ldxOkO0OK000OxxckOxxdodkxocOxkkK00O0x;;dkllxx0l00oOoxkkkOOdOOOkOOOOkO0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOd;;,;;
OOkkkOOkkOOOOdlllddxkOkkkOO00KKKXXXK0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOo:cldollxxkkxxOOKWWX0dclo;;.cc';ldNNNMXNNoOWM0kOXdc:ccodxxONNKOOOkOOO00XO0NK0ll:;::;::::cOOxkkKKXXOkkOOOK0OOOOOOOx;;;;;;:c:coxO0OxkxxXXK0O0OK0K0OOd,OKkdlok0Oo0OKK00XOkdllkkcdkOo00OOdkONxKokdxOOkOxkxOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl;,,,
doollllllllol;clollddxkxxOO000000XXXK0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOk:;:clllllxOOOkKXWWKOxcc,';:';ccllddXMMKNNOWWXX0O0kldodd0000OOXNX0OkOOkO0X0OXKkldc:o:,;;::clddlddkdOxoxkkOOOOOOOOOOl;;;;;ddodxkk0NKWNkl:xKkk00K00OOO::Od::;'',',;lox000xdoddolkxOK000Ol00o0KOKOOkxxkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOxl;,
llllllllllll:;::::cco0OOkXKXXKOO0OKK0doddxxxxddollcclclccc:;;::cccllkKKNWXXKXkcc;.,lc:c:lll;ddKWKXNXMWNNk000locdcd:lkOkxkKX00kkO0k0K0OKXkxcco;,;;;,ccoxlxdcoOkxxkOOOOOOOOOOOOxc:;xKkOxkcoK0OOX000kkkkkOk0Okddocll:;;,,;;;:odxxO00xoldkokO00000ddxkK00KOdKKOdKxkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkx
ooooollllllll;;;::cccoxxxO000XOkkkOOdollllllllcccccllllllllc:;;:::;:oKNW0xdoKl:;':xllcclcccco0kKXKNNKNXW0O0NxodkdOxkOkkkOkk0KNK000OOKKO0XKkod,,;loxxdodkokOOOkkkkkxxxxddddolllooKO:;lKNxXXXKNKxOO00kxcokdkko:::::;:cldOOKK0kkOdOOklc,;,;cox0kOkOOK0K0O0K00kOO000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ooooooooooooolc:;;::cdxOkOkxOOOxdxxooololllcccllllooollllllllc:;:loxNNKOOOk0kll:okkooooolloox00kO0XNKNXNXXXKkkO000Od0OOO000OOK0OXXXlolloxk0K0dlclokkolxddOk00ko::::cccclllccccxXd::cclkKWXN0W0Ok0KO0kdclkxxOocc::cOxkxdOKKK0kdooOkxocdxxxollxxoccox0OkO0K00000OOOOOOOkkxxxxxxddddddddddo
ooooooooolllllloollxOxxdxO0O0KkddllclclclllllloooooolllllllllllcclON0NXKk0XNXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXNXXXKO0KNX0kkOXNXXKKNNNXkxddxxxdolddOOdd::cclloxdxxolllcxkdkxkO00kc:::ccccllllcc:lK0c;:ccccdxNXXXX0k000dokO0OxOOdkdllo0c:dKOXNXOcoxxclxO0xd00XklodO0KKcldkOdcxkdxkxooolc:::;:;::::::::::::ccc
oooooollcllllloodooodOxkdkO0Xxlcc:cccccclcccllclcccclllllcccccccllxdOkkxxkO0l';ccccccc'lokxddoxKNNOocc:::;':cccccldc:cldk0oc:;,ckkc:cc:cccoldl::c:::l;;,;coOxl::::::c:::::cdXk:,;cccccckOKXNNK0OkOOddlok0OOodOxOk:ccco0NKNkllcoOxOkxKKXXX:x000kKX0OO0KO00Okoxxlc:cccclclcllc::::::;:::;;
llllcc:ccccccclllcllloolcldO0dollcccllllooollllllllollclllccclcllolllxxdoooOOdlcc:cc;cc:o000OXNNkcclcc:::c:cc::::c:odxkxcoOl,,cccoxdc:::::llo:;;:::::dxOKOlcxkc;;;;::;:;;;oK0xkOOOOOOk00000X0kXX000Okdddddkd::Od:lccclOOKXOxxllkOk0OxKXXKxkcdOKKKkOKXK00KOOkldx:;;,,;,,,;,,,;,,,,,,,,,,'
cccllccclllccclllllllldk0XKxdOkolllcllccccclccclccccclcccccllc:col::lxOOXKdddOd:::;:l:::c0XNN0dclc:::ccccccc:::::lxokKNklccllcccclxx::;;;:lco::::;clxld0XOclldklc::::::;:lxddc;:;;c;coxOkK0ddkNxlddkkd;;,:oo:dOdddddxkOO0xoxkxkkdkdxkkOKO00kkxkkO000OO00KkOkkxdxlc:::cc:cc:cc:c::;;;;;;,
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;cdkdoKWKxxdxkd;;:;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;c::ld:llldokK0kxkxxxc;cc'::d0XXkc',;:::::::::ccllcclk0ddxkklclooolllooxOllllccooolllloxKdxxoxololdxxollllcc::clcoo,...;odxO0Oxoxddxdxxxoddllcccll:oc..coxk0OolcllokklcccoO0l:;'lod0O0kxOOklldoclocxdooolollllloolooooloooooo
clolllllllllololloooKxoodddxxxkoxoooooooooooddoooddddddddddolo' ..   ';;ldxxllxxxkoo:cXNKl;xo..:xxxxxxdoxxxxxxxddKcckoxxxxl''''''',,:cddddxxkdddxdlK:odlddddo;xodddooooc;...;l,   ;k00o;,:.clclllll,cllc...':;c:  cOOdcccc:cclkOc,'';cc;;;.cod:llodool;';cc:l,cllc:cclclllc,,;;;'.d:;;;;
dkkodooodddddddddddokdoldoddookoooooolooollooodoooddloolodxooc,''',,:dkOdlll:clc:doOXWO:..':;;':::c:::;;ccclcllcc:::;;,;;;,......'oxdlx,,;:;:,,,;;,,,,,,,,''''','.......;l::lol''':dd;,,,',,,,''';,,,'..::::c:::;,;ccccc::;,:lllloc::::::loooooloooooooc::coxdoooddddolllllccollllodddod
dOkddxxddxdxddddxdoodollcccc:::;::;;:;;,,;,;;cccc;;::ll:;;x:,'ccc:llldOOo:cccloook0WNc   .;ll;coooollllclollllcc:cccccccccccllcllcdkxcxllllccc::c::cc:ccllc:ccccc:,''';:::,,dkk:lcololllclololllllllolllccccccllllcclloolooxolldldkkxxxdoooddodxxxxkxooolllooddooddoddxdloddxxxxxxxxkxdd

Claude Opus 4.5: When an AI Finally Gets It

I’ve been skeptical of every “game-changing AI release” for the past two years. Every few months, a new model drops and Twitter explodes with claims that AGI is here. Spoiler: it never is. But when Anthropic released Opus 4.5, something actually shifted in how I work. Not because it’s AGI—it’s decidedly not—but because it’s the first model that consistently delivers on complex, multi-step reasoning without falling apart halfway through. This isn’t a hype piece. This is a practitioner’s field notes from someone who uses these tools daily to ship product at Entropy Labs. ...